![]() The name “localhost” typically refers to the host’s loopback adapter however, it could also refer to any arbitrary IP address by modifying the computer’s /etc/hosts file. For this reason, it is recommended that operators always explicitly specify the bind_address as opposed to assuming the SSH server’s configuration. If the GatewayPorts options is NOT enabled, and the bind_address is blank, the tunnel will only bind to the loopback adapter. This introduces a problem because now anyone on the internet could connect to tunnel because it would be listening on an interface with a public IP address and subsequently reach the internal compromised host. When this option is enabled, and the bind_address is empty, 0.0.0.0, or *, then it will bind to ALL interfaces. If you want to use a different interface IP, the GatewayPorts option must be enabled in the SSH server’s /etc/ssh/ sshd_config file. ![]() The OpenSSH default is to use the host’s loopback adapter IP address, 127.0.0.1. ![]() The bind_address should not be confused with the SSH server address that SSH client connects to for authentication. ![]() The bind_address is the interface IP address that tunnel should BIND to, or listen on, for the remote host. This flag takes an argument of port:host:hostport. Once the tunnel is setup, the operator can SSH directly into the compromised host from the redirector.įrom the compromised host, use the SSH client -R flag to build a Remote port forward SSH tunnel. One option is to create a remote port forward SSH tunnel, aka a reverse tunnel, from PWNED1 to the operator’s internet accessible server, REDIR1. The operator now wants to SSH into the compromised host directly from the internet. Let’s assume that during an assessment, an operator compromises a host, named PWNED1, that is running a SSH server. GOAL: Connect to a port on a compromised host in the client network from a redirector The following image illustrates using a SSH private key to connect to a SSH server on the host REDIR1 as the rastley user from LINUX1: To start, LINUX1 represents an operator’s Linux workstation and REDIR1 represents an internet accessible host that is part of the offensive operation’s infrastructure. A visual image will be presented after each set of commands to illustrate the network connectivity and to identify which hosts commands should be executed on. On a Linux host, the permissions should be “600” so that the user can read and write the file, but the group and other users are not allowed access.Įach major section of this post will build on the previous section and also break down the commands into numbered parts to in an attempt to increase understanding. If file permissions allow others to read the file, the SSH client will ignore the identity file and display an error. The private key file permissions must be restricted so that only the user, and nobody else, can read the file. Be sure to enter a password when prompted to encrypt the key. The ssh-keygen utility can be used to create a 4096-bit RSA key pair with: >$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096īy default, this will output a private key named id_rsa and public key file named id_rsa.pub. Because of this, SSH keys should be encrypted with a password that acts as a second factor. Just like a password, if a private key is recovered by an attacker, it can be used to access the server. The generated public key is added to the target host’s SSH authorized_keys file. Users should secure access to their generated private key just like it is a secret. These keys offer strong configurable asymmetric encryption. In addition, SSH allows users to create a public and private key pair that can subsequently be used in place of a password. SSH connections can be established with only a username and password for authentication. It would be a significant failure if offensive operations infrastructure was compromised or even accessible to adversaries. This is especially true if the SSH server is internet accessible. Firewallīecause SSH facilitates remote control of a host, the SSH server should always be configure with firewall rules that whitelist connection from a specific host. The most common SSH client/server is the OpenSSH implementation and is the application used for all references in this post. Most Linux-based servers have a SSH server installed and both Windows and Linux have a built-in SSH client. SSH is a protocol that allows a user to remotely connect to a host and typically provides an interactive shell or command prompt that can further be leveraged to execute commands.
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![]() Once you reach the user permissions step, here you can check what DSM account should have access to the folder. Shared quota is also one step in this wizard that you can skip for now as we will set it manually after the folder has been created along with the permissions for our new user. Now, as I said, it is something that you can do, but it is up to you if you want to bother with an additional layer of encryption, considering the content will be encrypted as well. The reason for this is that the client will configure this on their end anyway (as they should) for the task itself, and if you set encryption on the destination side (in this case) you will have to mount this folder and make sure it is mounted when the backup needs to initiate. You can of course do it, but IMHO, it is not needed. In the next step, you will have the option to select (or not) the encryption method. If you have multiple volumes at your disposal, this is the place you will decide what volume will house the folder. The new folder creation processīe sure to give it a unique name and select the destination (volume) of your choice. Next, you need to configure the folder on your target NAS that will be used as a destination folder once the Hyper Backup task is initiated from the source side.Īgain, go to Control Panel > Shared Folder and click the Create button to start the wizard. ![]() Configuring a destination folder and permissions Once you finish with the wizard you have a configured user account that you can then share with the person that will use this account and your NAS and the target device. Give your account Hyper Backup Vault permission Be sure to allow this account Hyper Backup Vault app permissions and deny the rest. What remains here as an important element is Application permission. Next, you will get to the quota section, but you can skip that for now as we will configure that in the next major step. Add the user to the "users" group (it will be by default) and do NOT give permission for the "administrators" one Make sure to set "No Access" permissions on all the shared folders! Start creating a new userĮnter the user's information (password of the user can be changed later on from the client-side so at the moment give it a temporary password), and be sure to set it as part of the users group (not administrator), as well as to terminate all permissions for any existing folder on the destination NAS. Open up Control Panel > Users & Group and under the User tab click the Create button to start the wizard. Opening and forwarding Hyper Backup portsĪs usual, any apps or services that you want to use with any Synology NAS, need to have an associated DSM account that has valid permissions to do so.Configuring a destination folder and permissions.This will consist of four (4) main elements: Configuration of the DESTINATION NAS side On top of this, there are permissions to be set, user to be created, and port(s) that need to be open for all of this to work.īecause of this, the tutorial will start with the destination (target) side first, and then we will finish up with setting up the task from the source NAS as well. The destination side is what needs to be configured so that the user from that side can also be safe that you do not have access to anything other than the folder for your backup. If you place yourself in the role of the user backing up to a location, you will have to just input the destination, username/password, and choose what to backup. 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